Comparison of Detection Rate of Root Canal Orifices of Maxillary First Molar Using Various Techniques: An in-vivo Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the detection rate of root canal orifices of maxillary first molar by various techniques in the Indian population. Material and Methods: A total of 50 maxillary 1st molar cases were selected and sequentially divided into four groups: Group I: Naked eye; Group II: Surgical loupe; Group III: Surgical operating microscope; and Group IV: Fluorescein sodium dye. After access opening, the number of root canal orifices was detected in all cases with these methods. Results: By naked eye and surgical loupe, a total of 171 root canal orifices were detected, by a surgical operating microscope, 176, and by fluorescein sodium dye, 177 root canal orifices were detected. The detection rate of root canal orifices is as follows: Group I (96.61%) = Group II (96.61%) < Group III (99.44%) < Group IV (100%) and detection rate of MB-2 canal orifices Group I (40%) = Group II (40%) < Group III (50%) < Group IV (52%). No significant difference in the number of canal orifices detected could be seen for any of the comparisons. No significant difference was observed between the naked eye and surgical loupe techniques. Although the surgical operating microscope detected more root canal orifices, it did not have a significantly higher detection than the other two techniques. Conclusion: No significant difference was seen among various methods. However, the use of a surgical operating microscope and fluorescein sodium dye increased the detection rate of root canal orifices.

Anatomical considerations of percutaneous transvenous mitral annuloplasty: a novel procedure for treatment of functional mitral regurgitation / 대한해부학회지

Percutaneous transvenous mitral annuloplasty (PTMA) has evolved as a latest procedure for the treatment of functional mitral regurgitation. It reduces mitral valve annulus (MVA) size and increases valve leaflet coaptation via compression of coronary sinus (CS). Anatomical considerations for this procedure were elucidated in the present study. In 40 formalin fixed adult cadaveric human hearts, relation of the venous channel formed by CS and great cardiac vein (GCV) to MVA and the adjacent arteries was described, at 6 points by making longitudinal sections perpendicular to the plane of MVA, numbered 1–6 starting from CS ostium. CS/GCV formed a semicircular venous channel on the atrial side of MVA. Based on the distance of CS/GCV from MVA, two patterns were identified. In 37 hearts, the venous channel at point 2 was widely separated from the MVA compared to the two ends and in three hearts a nonconsistent pattern was observed. GCV crossed circumflex artery superficially. GCV or CS crossed the left marginal artery and ventricular branches of circumflex artery superficially in 17 and 23 hearts, respectively. As the venous channel was related more to the left atrial wall, PTMA devices probably exert an indirect traction on MVA. The arteries crossing deep to the venous channel may be compressed by PTMA device leading to myocardial ischemia. Knowledge of the spatial relations of MVA and a preoperative and postoperative angiogram may help to reduce such complications during PTMA.